奧氏體(鋼的組別:A1, A2, A3 A4, A5) (性能等級:50軟,70冷加工,80高強度)
馬氏體(鋼的組別:C1,C2,C3) (性能等級:50軟,70、110淬火并回火,80淬火并回火)
鐵素體(鋼的組別:F1) (性能等級:45軟,60冷加工)
馬氏體不銹鋼屬于鉻不銹鋼。由于含碳量高,碳化鉻多,鋼的耐蝕性能下降,雖可通過熱處理的方法改善,但防腐性不高。馬氏體不銹鋼多用于制造力學(xué)性能要求較高,并有一定耐蝕性能要求的零件,如汽輪機葉片、噴嘴、閥座、量具、刃具等。
鐵素體不銹鋼也屬于鉻不銹鋼。含碳量小,抗大氣、硝酸及鹽水溶液的腐蝕能力強,有高溫抗氧化性能好等特點。主要用于制作化工設(shè)備中的容器、管道。
奧氏體不銹鋼屬于鉻鎳不銹鋼。具有很高的耐蝕性,優(yōu)良的塑性,良好的焊接性及低溫韌性,不具有磁性,易加工硬化。主要用于在腐蝕介質(zhì)中工作的零件、容器、管道、醫(yī)療器械以及抗磁環(huán)境中。
奧氏體
奧氏體是碳溶解在γ-Fe中的間隙固溶體,常用符號A表示。它仍保持γ-Fe的面心立方晶格。其溶碳能力較大,在727℃時溶碳為ωc= 0.77%,1148℃時可溶碳2.11%。奧氏體是在大于727℃高溫下才能穩(wěn)定存在的組織。奧氏體塑性好,是絕大多數(shù)鋼種在高溫下進(jìn)行壓力加工時所要求的組織。奧氏體是沒有磁性的。
馬氏體分級淬火
是將奧氏體化工件先浸入溫度稍高或稍低于鋼的馬氏體點的液態(tài)介質(zhì)(鹽浴或堿浴)中,保持適當(dāng)?shù)臅r間,待鋼件的內(nèi)、外層都達(dá)到介質(zhì)溫度后取出空冷,以獲得馬氏體組織的淬火工藝,也稱分級淬火。分級淬火由于在分級溫度停留到工件內(nèi)外溫度一致后空冷,所以能有效地減少相變應(yīng)力和熱應(yīng)力,減少淬火變形和開裂傾向。分級淬火適用于對于變形要求高的合金鋼和高合金鋼工件,也可用于截面尺寸不大、形狀復(fù)雜地碳素鋼工件。
馬氏體不銹鋼
通過熱處理可以調(diào)整其力學(xué)性能的不銹鋼,通俗地說,是一類可硬化的不銹鋼。典型牌號為Cr13型,如2Cr13 ,3Cr13 ,4Cr13等。粹火后硬度較高,不同回火溫度具有不同強韌性組合,主要用于蒸汽輪機葉片、餐具、外科手術(shù)器械。根據(jù)化學(xué)成分的差異,馬氏體不銹鋼可分為馬氏體鉻鋼和馬氏體鉻鎳鋼兩類。根據(jù)組織和強化機理的不同,還可分為馬氏體不銹鋼、馬氏體和半奧氏體(或半馬氏體)沉淀硬化不銹鋼以及馬氏體時效不銹鋼等。
馬氏體就是以人命命名的:
對于學(xué)材料的人來說,“馬氏體”的大名如雷貫耳,那么說到阿道夫·馬滕斯又有幾個人知道呢?其實馬氏體的“馬”指的就是他了。在鐵碳組織中這樣以人名命名的組織還有很多,今天我們就來說說這些名稱和它們背后那些材料先賢的故事。
馬氏體Martensite,如前所述命名自Adolf Martens (1850-1914)。這位被稱作馬登斯或馬滕斯的先生是一位德國的冶金學(xué)家。他早年作為一名工程師從事鐵路橋梁的建設(shè)工作,并接觸到了正在興起的材料檢驗方法。于是他用自制的顯微鏡(?。┯^察鐵的金相組織,并在1878年發(fā)表了《鐵的顯微鏡研究》,闡述金屬斷口形態(tài)以及其拋光和酸浸后的金相組織。(這個工作我們現(xiàn)在做的好像也蠻多的。)他觀察到生鐵在冷卻和結(jié)晶過程中的組織排列很有規(guī)則(大概其中就有馬氏體),并預(yù)言顯微鏡研究必將成為最有用的分析方法之一(有遠(yuǎn)見)。他還曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任了柏林皇家大學(xué)附屬機械工藝研究所所長,也就是柏林皇家材料試驗所("Staatliche Materialprüfungsamt")的前身,他在那里建立了第一流的金相試驗室。1895年國際材料試驗學(xué)會成立,他擔(dān)任了副主席一職。直到現(xiàn)在,在德國依然有一個聲望頗高的獎項以他的名字命名
馬氏體、鐵素體、奧氏體、雙相不銹鋼的化學(xué)成分
類 |
鋼 號 |
牌 號 |
化學(xué)成分 % |
||||||||||
C |
Cr |
Ni |
Mn |
P |
S |
Mo |
Si |
Cu |
N |
其它 |
|||
奧 |
201 |
1Cr17Mn6Ni5N |
≤0.15 |
16.00-18.00 |
3.50-5.50 |
5.50-7.50 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
≤0.25 |
- |
201L |
03Cr17Mn6Ni5N |
≤0.030 |
16.00-18.00 |
3.50-5.50 |
5.50-7.50 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
|
≤1.00 |
|
≤0.25 |
|
|
202 |
1Cr18Mn8Ni5N |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
4.00-6.00 |
7.50-10.00 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
|
≤1.00 |
- |
≤0.25 |
- |
|
204 |
03Cr16Mn8Ni2N |
≤0.030 |
15.00-17.00 |
1.50-3.50 |
7.00-9.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.15-0.30 |
|
|
國內(nèi)研制 |
1Cr18Mn10Ni5Mo3N |
≤0.10 |
17.00-19.00 |
4.00-6.00 |
8.50-12.00 |
|
|
2.80-3.50 |
|
|
0.20-0.30 |
|
|
前蘇聯(lián) |
2Cr13Mn9Ni4 |
0.15-0.25 |
12.00-14.00 |
3.70-5.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
國內(nèi)研制 |
2Cr15Mn15Ni2N |
0.15-0.25 |
14.00-16.00 |
1.50-3.00 |
14.00-16.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
0.15-0.30 |
|
|
|
1Cr18Mn10Ni5Mo3N |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
4.00-6.00 |
8.50-12.00 |
≤0.060 |
≤0.030 |
2.8-3.5 |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.20-0.30 |
- |
|
301 |
1Cr17Ni7 |
≤0.15 |
16.00-18.00 |
6.00-8.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.065 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
302 |
1Cr18Ni9 |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
303 |
Y1Cr18Ni9 |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.20 |
≤0.030 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
303se |
Y1Cr18Ni9Se |
≤0.15 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.20 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Se≥0.15 |
|
304 |
0Cr18Ni9 |
≤0.07 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
304L |
00Cr19Ni10 |
≤0.030 |
18.00-20.00 |
8.00-10.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
304N1 |
0Cr19Ni9N |
≤0.08 |
18.00-20.00 |
7.00-10.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.10-0.25 |
- |
|
304N2 |
0Cr18Ni10NbN |
≤0.08 |
18.00-20.00 |
7.50-10.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.15-0.30 |
Nb≤0.15 |
|
304LN |
00Cr18Ni10N |
≤0.030 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.50-11.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.12-0.22 |
- |
|
305 |
1Cr18Ni12 |
≤0.12 |
17.00-19.00 |
10.50-13.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
309S |
0Cr23Ni13 |
≤0.08 |
22.00-24.00 |
12.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
310S |
0Cr25Ni20 |
≤0.08 |
24.00-26.00 |
19.00-22.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
316 |
0Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
≤0.08 |
16.00-18.50 |
10.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti6) |
≤0.12 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.80-2.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5(C%-0.02)~0.08 |
|
|
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti |
≤0.08 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.80-2.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5*C%-0.70 |
|
316L |
00Cr17Ni14Mo2 |
≤0.030 |
16.00-18.00 |
12.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
316N |
0Cr17Ni12Mo2N |
≤0.08 |
16.00-18.00 |
10.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.10-0.22 |
- |
|
316N |
00Cr17Ni13Mo2N |
≤0.030 |
16.00-18.50 |
10.50-14.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
0.12-0.22 |
- |
|
316J1 |
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
10.00-14.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.20-2.75 |
≤1.00 |
1.00-2.50 |
- |
- |
|
316J1L |
00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 |
≤0.030 |
17.00-19.00 |
12.00-16.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.20-2.75 |
≤1.00 |
1.00-2.50 |
- |
- |
|
317 |
0Cr19Ni13Mo3 |
≤0.12 |
18.00-20.00 |
11.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
3.00-4.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
317L |
00Cr19Ni13Mo3 |
≤0.08 |
18.00-20.00 |
11.00-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
3.00-4.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
1Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti6) |
≤0.12 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.50-3.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5(C%-0.02)~0.08 |
|
|
0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti |
≤0.08 |
16.00-19.00 |
11.00-14.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.50-3.50 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5*C%-0.70 |
|
317J1 |
0Cr18Ni16Mo5 |
≤0.040 |
16.00-19.00 |
15.00-17.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4.00-6.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
321 |
1Cr18Ni9Ti6) |
≤0.12 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.00-11.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti5(C%-0.02)~0.08 |
|
|
0Cr18Ni10Ti |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
9.00-12.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Ti≥5*C% |
|
347 |
0Cr18Ni11Nb |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
9.00-13.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Nb≥10*C% |
|
XM7 |
0Cr18Ni9Cu3 |
≤0.08 |
17.00-19.00 |
8.50-10.50 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
3.00-4.00 |
- |
- |
|
XM15J1 |
0Cr18Ni13Si4 |
≤0.08 |
15.00-20.00 |
11.50-15.00 |
≤2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
3.00-5.00 |
- |
- |
2) |
|
奧氏體 |
329J1 |
0Cr26Ni5Mo2 |
≤0.08 |
23.00-28.00 |
3.00-6.00 |
≤1.50 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
2) |
|
1Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi |
0.10-0.18 |
17.50-19.50 |
10.--120.. |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
3.40-4.00 |
- |
- |
Al 0.10-0.30; Ti 0.40-0.70 |
|
|
00Cr18Ni5MoSi2 |
≤0.030 |
18.00-19.50 |
4.50-5.50 |
1.00-2.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.50-3.00 |
1.30-2.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
鐵 |
405 |
0Cr13Al |
≤0.08 |
11.50-14.50 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Al 0.10-0.30 |
410L |
00Cr12 |
≤0.030 |
11.00-13.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
430 |
1Cr17 |
≤0.12 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.75 |
- |
- |
- |
|
430F |
Y1Cr17 |
≤0.12 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
434 |
1Cr17Mo |
≤0.12 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.75-1.25 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
447J1 |
00Cr30Mo2 |
≤0.010 |
28.50-32.00 |
- |
≤0.40 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.50-2.50 |
≤0.40 |
- |
≤0.015 |
- |
|
XM27 |
00Cr27Mo |
≤0.010 |
25.00-27.50 |
- |
≤0.40 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.75-1.50 |
≤0.40 |
- |
≤0.015 |
- |
|
馬 |
403 |
1Cr12 |
≤0.15 |
11.50-13.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.50 |
- |
- |
- |
410 |
1Cr13 |
≤0.15 |
11.50-13.50 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
405 |
0Cr13 |
≤0.08 |
11.50-13.50 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
416 |
Y1Cr13 |
≤0.15 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
410J1 |
1Cr13Mo |
≤0.08-0.18 |
11.50-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.30-0.60 |
≤0.60 |
- |
- |
- |
|
420J1 |
2Cr13 |
0.16-0.25 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
420J2 |
3Cr13 |
0.26-0.35 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
420F |
Y3Cr13 |
0.26-0.40 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
1) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
3Cr13Mo |
0.28-0.35 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.50-1.00 |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
4Cr13 |
0.36-0.45 |
12.00-14.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.60 |
- |
- |
- |
|
431 |
1Cr17Ni2 |
0.11-0.17 |
16.00-18.00 |
1.50-2.50 |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440A |
7Cr17 |
0.60-0.75 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440B |
8Cr17 |
0.75-0.95 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
9Cr18 |
0.90-1.00 |
17.00-19.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440C |
11Cr17 |
0.95-1.20 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
440F |
Y11Cr17 |
0.95-1.20 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤1.25 |
≤0.035 |
≥0.15 |
4) |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
9Cr18Mo |
0.95-1.10 |
16.00-18.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
0.40-0.70 |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
9Cr18MoV |
0.85-0.95 |
17.00-19.00 |
3) |
≤0.80 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
1.00-1.30 |
≤0.80 |
- |
- |
V0.07-0.12 |
|
沉 |
630 |
0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb |
≤0.07 |
15.50-17.50 |
6.50-7.50 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
3.00-5.00 |
- |
Nb 0.15-0.45 |
631 |
0Cr17Ni7Al |
≤0.09 |
16.00-18.00 |
6.50-7.50 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
- |
≤1.00 |
≤0.50 |
- |
Al 0.75-1.50 |
|
632 |
0Cr15Ni7Mo2Al |
≤0.09 |
14.00-16.00 |
6.50-7.50 |
≤1.00 |
≤0.035 |
≤0.030 |
2.00-3.00 |
≤1.00 |
- |
- |
Al 0.75-1.50 |
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